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Transformative Learning theorists John Dirkx and Edward Taylor emphasize that deep change requires emotional engagement. Implicit memory—emotional, automatic and often unconscious—shapes how we perceive and respond. It’s not just what we think, but what we feel, that drives transformation.

In the process of evaluating the adequacy of FDA’s communications and the explanations for its conclusions, the Court emphasized that “agencies are entitled to a presumption of regularity” and that, to overcome the presumption, a party that must make a “strong showing of bad faith or improper behavior.”